Close the loop: set collection incentives, inspection quality, remanufacturing capacity and resale discounting, then watch products flow from market back to resale - or leak to landfill. Circularity is an operations problem, not a slogan.
A circular chain recovers value from used products: collect returns, inspect them, remanufacture what is viable, resell it, and recycle the rest. What the loop cannot absorb becomes landfill leakage.
Each round, collection incentive drives the return rate, inspection sets the usable yield, remanufacture capacity caps recovery, and resale discount clears refurbished stock. Circularity and landfill are computed against cost.
Balance the loop end to end - there is no point collecting more than you can inspect and remanufacture. Lift the true bottleneck, and discount enough to actually sell the refurbished output.
